WASHINGTON DC:
An international team of researchers is harnessing the immune system to reveal new clues that may help in efforts to produce an HIV vaccine. SFU professor Mark Brockman and co-authors from the University of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa have identified a connection between infection control and how well antiviral T cells respond to diverse HIV sequences.
According to Brockman, HIV adapts to the human immune system by altering its sequence to evade helpful antiviral T cells. He says, “”So to develop an effective HIV vaccine, we need to generate host immune responses that the virus cannot easily evade.” Brockman’s team has developed new laboratory-based methods for identifying antiviral T cells and assessing their ability to recognise diverse HIV sequences.
“T cells are white blood cells that can recognize foreign particles called peptide antigens,” says Brockman, adding that there are two major types of T cells–those that ‘help’ other cells of the immune system, and those that kill infected cells and tumours. Identifying the T cells that attack HIV antigens sounds simple, but Brockman says three biological factors are critical to a T cell-mediated immune response. And in HIV infection, all three are highly genetically diverse.
He explains that for a T cell to recognise a peptide antigen, the antigen must first be presented on the cell surface by human leukocyte antigen proteins (HLA), which are inherited. Since thousands of possible HLA variants exist in the human population, every person responds differently to infection. Furthermore, since HIV is highly diverse and evolves constantly during untreated infection, the peptide antigen sequence also changes.
Matching T cells against the HLA variants and HIV peptide antigens expressed in an individual is a critical step in the routine research process. However, Brockman adds that their understanding of T cell responses will be incomplete until they know more about the antiviral activity of individual T cells that contribute to this response.
It is estimated that a person’s T cell “repertoire” is made up of a possible 20-100 million unique lineages of cells that can be distinguished by their T cell receptors (TCR), of which only a few will be important in responding to a specific antigen. To reduce the study’s complexity, the team examined two highly related HLA variants (B81 and B42) that recognise the same HIV peptide antigen (TL9) but are associated with different clinical outcomes following infection.
By looking at how well individual T cells recognised TL9 and diverse TL9 sequence variants that occur in circulating HIV strains, the researchers found that T cells from people who expressed HLA B81 recognised more TL9 variants compared to T cells from people who expressed HLA B42.
Notably, a group of T cells in some B42-expressing individuals displayed a greater ability to recognise TL9 sequence variants. The presence of these T cells was associated with better control of HIV infection. The study demonstrates that individual T cells differ widely in their ability to recognise peptide variants and suggests that these differences may be clinically significant in the context of a diverse or rapidly evolving pathogen such as HIV.
Much work needs to be done to create an effective vaccine. However, says Brockman, “Comprehensive methods to assess the ability of T cells to recognize diverse HIV sequences, such as those reported in this study, provide critical information to help design and test new vaccine strategies.”
